Difference between revisions of "BCH394P BCH364C 2022"

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== Lectures & Handouts ==
 
== Lectures & Handouts ==
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'''Apr 26 - May 3, 2022 - Final Project Presentations'''
 
'''Apr 26 - May 3, 2022 - Final Project Presentations'''
 
* Welcome to the end of the course!  You made it!  The last 3 days will be presentations of your class projects.
 
* Welcome to the end of the course!  You made it!  The last 3 days will be presentations of your class projects.
 
* We'll spend 5 minutes on the [https://utdirect.utexas.edu/ctl/ecis/ Course - Instructor Survey] Thursday morning.
 
* We'll spend 5 minutes on the [https://utdirect.utexas.edu/ctl/ecis/ Course - Instructor Survey] Thursday morning.
 
Here's a sampling of some of the completed course projects (posted with permission, with more to come):
 
Here's a sampling of some of the completed course projects (posted with permission, with more to come):
* [https://kmaclaine.shinyapps.io/new_mights/ Using Hidden Markov Models to Date Human Numts ('new-might'), by Kendra Z. Maclaine]
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* [https://sites.google.com/utexas.edu/hanlin-ren-bioinformatics-proj/home Relative Depth of Aromatic Residues in Membrane Bilayer, by Hanlin Ren]
* [https://sites.google.com/utexas.edu/bch394p-final-project-2021/introduction Systematic analysis of the correlation of human BRD proteins with Type I interferon signaling molecules, by Muyoung Lee & Doohyung Lee]
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* [https://sites.google.com/utexas.edu/bch394p-influenza/home Influenza Sequence Analysis, by Travis Beck & Evelyn Rocha]
* [https://sites.google.com/view/nsstepwise/home Backward stepwise to search transcription factor motifs, by Ningze Sun]
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* [https://sites.google.com/view/subcellularloc/projects Signal peptides and subcellular localisation, by Sophia Zhou]
* [https://sites.google.com/utexas.edu/biostatisticsandsystemsbiology Gene Activation Order of Plasmodium falciparum Exposed to sublethal levels of Fosmidomycin, by Daniel Acosta, Robert Marick, Dylan Schuler]
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* [https://sites.google.com/utexas.edu/bch394pbioinformaticsproject/introduction?authuser=0 Hidden Markov Models for Predicting Protein Secondary Structures, by Anant Beechar, Grace Hu, Rayna Taniguchi]
* [https://sites.google.com/utexas.edu/bch394p-gsea-microarray-data/home Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of Platinum-Based Chemotherapy Microarray Data, by Qingqing Guo, Shuge Sun, and Xiaoying Wei]
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* [https://sites.google.com/utexas.edu/voigt-final-project/home?authuser=0 A Structural Investigation into Scospondin & the Reissner Fiber, by Brittney Voigt]
* [https://sites.google.com/utexas.edu/plzf-cell-counting Filtering regional maxima to quantify fluorescent-labeled cells following MEHP exposure, by Xin Fang, Kapil Nidadavolu, Lillian (Lilly) Schmaltz]
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* [https://sites.google.com/utexas.edu/csra-orthogonality-project/results Development of a Model to predict CsrA-RNA binding, by Ryan Buchser & Vinya Bhuvan]
* [https://sites.google.com/view/gabriel-hoogerbrugge/home Analyzing the Replaceability of Human orthologs in their Yeast Human Orthogroup, by Gabriel Hoogerbrugge]
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* [https://sites.google.com/view/bch-364c-final-project/home Extending Cascade Models of Synaptic Plasticity, Argha Bandyopadhyay]
* [https://sites.google.com/view/kaylaszymanikbch394p-final/ Analyzing RNA sequencing data for detection of noncoding RNA reads, by Kayla Szymanik]
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* [https://sites.google.com/view/ama1-polymorphism/home?authuser=0 Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1, by Christopher Smith, Jeffrey Marchioni, Jin Eyun Kim]
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* [https://sites.google.com/view/bioinformaticsproject/introduction-and-goals?authuser=0 Identifying putative stabilizing disulfide bond mutations for viral fusion protein vaccine design with machine learning, by Doug Townsend & W. Chase Sanders]
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* [https://sites.google.com/view/finalproject-com/title?authuser=0 Investigation of Unique Intron Associated RT, by Jose Alvarado]
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* [https://sites.google.com/utexas.edu/oishika-das-bioinformatics-pro/home Breast Cancer Classification Using Tumor Characteristics: An Analysis through Pandas and Numpy, by Oishika Das]
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* [https://sites.google.com/view/kcgslc30a10 Regulators of Manganese Efflux Transporter SLC30A10, by Kerem Gurol]
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* [https://sites.google.com/view/bioinformaticsprojectjustin/references You discovered an antibody, now what?, by Justin Lerma]
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* [https://sites.google.com/view/bch394p-project/home Predicting ISGylation Sites with Machine Learning Models, Xu Zhao]
  
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<!--
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'''CURRENTLY FLOATING - Live demo: nanopore sequencing'''
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or Genome Assembly II ???
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-->
  
 
'''April 21, 2022 - Synthetic Biology, highly compressed'''
 
'''April 21, 2022 - Synthetic Biology, highly compressed'''
* '''Reminder: All projects are due by midnight, April 28'''.  Turn them in as a URL to the web site you created, sent by email to the TA AND PROFESSOR.   
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* '''Reminder: All projects are due by midnight, April 25'''.  Turn them in as a URL to the web site you created, sent by email to the TA AND PROFESSOR.   
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C_SyntheticBio_Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C_SyntheticBio_Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]
 
A collection of further reading, if you're so inclined:
 
A collection of further reading, if you're so inclined:
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* Useful gene network resources include:
 
* Useful gene network resources include:
 
** [http://www.reactome.org/ Reactome]), which we've seen before, links human genes according to reactions and pathways, and also calculated functional linkages from various high-throughput data.
 
** [http://www.reactome.org/ Reactome]), which we've seen before, links human genes according to reactions and pathways, and also calculated functional linkages from various high-throughput data.
** [http://www.inetbio.org/humannet/ HumanNet] (older versions for other organisms at [https://netbiolab.org/w/Software netbiolab.org] and [http://www.functionalnet.org FunctionalNet]), which provides interactive searches of a human functional gene network. The earlier versions helped my own group find genes for a wide variety of biological processes.  
+
** [https://www.inetbio.org/humannet/ HumanNet] (older versions for other organisms at [https://netbiolab.org/w/Software netbiolab.org] and [http://www.functionalnet.org FunctionalNet]), which provides interactive searches of a human functional gene network. The earlier versions helped my own group find genes for a wide variety of biological processes.  
 
** [http://string-db.org/ STRING] is available for many organisms, including large numbers of prokaryotes. Try searching on the <i>E. coli</i> enolase (Eno) as an example.
 
** [http://string-db.org/ STRING] is available for many organisms, including large numbers of prokaryotes. Try searching on the <i>E. coli</i> enolase (Eno) as an example.
 
** [http://www.genemania.org/ GeneMania], which aggregates many individual gene networks.
 
** [http://www.genemania.org/ GeneMania], which aggregates many individual gene networks.
** The best interactive tool for network visualization is [http://www.cytoscape.org/ Cytoscape]. You can download and install it locally on your computer, then visualize and annotated any gene network, such as are output by the network tools linked above.  There is also a web-based network viewer that can be incorporated into your own pages (e.g., as used in [http://www.inetbio.org/yeastnet/ YeastNet]).  Here's an example file to visualize, the [http://proteincomplexes.org/static/downloads/human_protein_complex_map.cys human protein complex map] from [http://proteincomplexes.org/ Hu.MAP].
+
** The best interactive tool for network visualization is [http://www.cytoscape.org/ Cytoscape]. You can download and install it locally on your computer, then visualize and annotated any gene network, such as are output by the network tools linked above.  There is also a web-based network viewer that can be incorporated into your own pages (e.g., as used in [http://www.inetbio.org/yeastnet/ YeastNet]).  Here's an example file to visualize, the [http://proteincomplexes.org/static/downloads/humap2_protein_complex_map_20200821.cys human protein complex map] from [http://humap2.proteincomplexes.org/ Hu.MAP].
 
** Clustering algorithms can be applied to networks. For example, we frequently use the [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/WalktrapAlgorithm.pdf Walktrap algorithm] developed by Pascal Pons and Matthieu Latapy, which is available in the Python iGraph library. Here's [https://towardsdatascience.com/detecting-communities-in-a-language-co-occurrence-network-f6d9dfc70bab a nice blog demonstration] using it.
 
** Clustering algorithms can be applied to networks. For example, we frequently use the [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/WalktrapAlgorithm.pdf Walktrap algorithm] developed by Pascal Pons and Matthieu Latapy, which is available in the Python iGraph library. Here's [https://towardsdatascience.com/detecting-communities-in-a-language-co-occurrence-network-f6d9dfc70bab a nice blog demonstration] using it.
 
Reading:<br>
 
Reading:<br>
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* [http://www.marcottelab.org/paper-pdfs/JProteomics_GBAReview_2010.pdf Review of predicting gene function and phenotype from protein networks]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/paper-pdfs/JProteomics_GBAReview_2010.pdf Review of predicting gene function and phenotype from protein networks]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/NBTPrimer-NetworkVisualization.pdf Primer on visualizing networks]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/NBTPrimer-NetworkVisualization.pdf Primer on visualizing networks]
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'''Apr 12, 2022 - Deep learning'''
 
'''Apr 12, 2022 - Deep learning'''
* Guest speaker: Dr. Claire McWhite, Princeton
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* Guest speaker: [https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=AOYsDhsAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate Dr. Claire McWhite], who is a Lewis-Sigler Fellow at Princeton where she develops protein language models using deep learning. She previously completed her B.S. at Rice University, interned at the National Cancer Institute, earned her Ph.D. at UT Austin working extensively in computational biology and proteomics, and appeared as a contestant in [http://bahfest.com/houston2017/ BahFest].
 +
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/ClaireMcWhite-BCH394p-364c_2022.pdf Today's slides]
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfAL_cL3SGQ Why neural networks aren't neural networks]
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'''Apr 7, 2022 - Principal Component Analysis (& the curious case of European genotypes)'''
 
'''Apr 7, 2022 - Principal Component Analysis (& the curious case of European genotypes)'''
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* '''Reminder: Problem Set 3 is due tomorrow!'''
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* Science news of the day:  Just a fun piece, a [https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/piecing-thylacine-dna-back-together chromosome level genome assembly of the extinct thylacine (Tasmanian tiger)]"
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C_PCA_Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C_PCA_Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/EuropeanGenesPCA.pdf European men, their genomes, and their geography]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/EuropeanGenesPCA.pdf European men, their genomes, and their geography]
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* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/NBT_primer_PCA.pdf NBT Primer on PCA]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/NBT_primer_PCA.pdf NBT Primer on PCA]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/PrincipalComponentAnalysis.docx A PCA overview (.docx format)] & the [http://horicky.blogspot.com/2009/11/principal-component-analysis.html original post]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/PrincipalComponentAnalysis.docx A PCA overview (.docx format)] & the [http://horicky.blogspot.com/2009/11/principal-component-analysis.html original post]
* Science Signaling (more specifically, Neil R. Clark and Avi Ma’ayan!) had a [http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sigtrans;4/190/tr3/DC1 nice introduction to PCA] that I've reposted [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/IntroToPCA.pdf here] (with [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/2001967Slides-FINAL.ppt slides])
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* Science Signaling (more specifically, Neil R. Clark and Avi Ma’ayan!) had a nice introduction to PCA that I've reposted [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/IntroToPCA.pdf here] (with [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/2001967Slides-FINAL.ppt slides])
 
* Python code for [http://sebastianraschka.com/Articles/2015_pca_in_3_steps.html performing PCA yourself]. This example gives a great intro to several important numerical/statistical/data mining packages in Python, including pandas and numpy.
 
* Python code for [http://sebastianraschka.com/Articles/2015_pca_in_3_steps.html performing PCA yourself]. This example gives a great intro to several important numerical/statistical/data mining packages in Python, including pandas and numpy.
  
  
 
'''Apr 5, 2022 - Classifiers'''
 
'''Apr 5, 2022 - Classifiers'''
* '''Reminder: Problem Set 3 is due today!'''
 
 
* [https://twitter.com/JedMSP/status/1247920130941538304 A topical tSNE visualization]
 
* [https://twitter.com/JedMSP/status/1247920130941538304 A topical tSNE visualization]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P_364C_Classifiers_Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P_364C_Classifiers_Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]
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'''Mar 31, 2022 - Clustering II'''
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* Fun article: [http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2002050 All biology is computational biology]
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'''Mar 31, 2022 - 3D Protein Structure Modeling'''
* We're finishing up the slides from last time.<br>
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* Guest speaker: [https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=XK51dq0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate Caitie McCafferty], who is finishing up her Ph.D. at UT Austin, prior to which she earned her B.S. in Chemistry at the University of Maryland and worked as a computational researcher for 3 years at the NIH National Eye Institute. She has mentored numerous undergrads in computational structural biology, co-developed the citizen science video game [https://vitalmindmedia.com/proteinpuzzles/ Protein Puzzles], and is now leading local efforts to solve the 3D structures of ciliary proteins by cryoEM, mass spec, and integrative modeling.
 +
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/2022-03-ProteinStructurePrediction_CaitieMcCafferty.pdf Today's slides] and the [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/EVcouplings.pdf EVcouplings method] discussed
 +
* 3D macromolecular structural modeling software:  [https://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimerax/ UCSF ChimeraX], the [https://www.rosettacommons.org/software Rosetta] software suite, and [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/RosettaOverview.pdf an overview] of what it can do for you, and last but not least: [https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/ AlphaFold predicted structures] and the [https://colab.research.google.com/github/deepmind/alphafold/blob/main/notebooks/AlphaFold.ipynb AlphaFold colab] where you can run your own structure predictions.
 +
* & a few other useful 3D structure tools: The [http://www.rcsb.org/ Protein Data Bank], [https://salilab.org/modeller/ MODELLER], and [http://www.pymol.org/ Pymol]
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'''Mar 29, 2022 - Clustering II'''
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<!-- * Fun article: [http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2002050 All biology is computational biology]-->
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* We'll be continuing the slides from just before the guest lecture
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* I'm also posting the next (last) problem set:
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[http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/ProblemSet3_2022.pdf '''Problem Set 3], due before midnight Apr. 8, 2022'''.  You will need the following software and datasets:<br>
 +
* The clustering software is available [https://software.broadinstitute.org/morpheus/ here]. There is an alternative package [http://bonsai.hgc.jp/~mdehoon/software/cluster/software.htm here] that you can download and install on your local computer if you prefer.<br>
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* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/1832HumanProteins.fasta Amino acid sequences of 1832 human proteins]
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* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/1832HumanProteinsPhyloprofiles.txt Human protein phylogenetic profiles]. These data come from [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/CiliaPhyloProfiles.pdf this paper].
 +
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/1832HumanProteinsCFMS.txt Human protein co-fractionation/mass spectrometry profiles].  These data come from [http://www.marcottelab.org/paper-pdfs/Nature_AnimalComplexes_2015.pdf this paper].
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<!--* [https://twitter.com/iddux/status/1377587235051204610 New changes for the next version of Python?]-->
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Reading:
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* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/nature_review_2000.pdf Review of phylogenetic profiles]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/FuzzyK-Means.pdf Fuzzy k-means]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/FuzzyK-Means.pdf Fuzzy k-means]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/SOM-geneexpression.pdf SOM gene expression]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/SOM-geneexpression.pdf SOM gene expression]
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'''Mar 29, 2022 - Functional Genomics & Data Mining - Clustering I'''
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* Science news of the day:  [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/05/health/hexapro-mclellan-vaccine.html Yesterday's very nice NYT article] about the development of HexaPro by the McLellan, Finkelstein, and Maynard labs, which UT has granted a royalty-free license to 80 low and middle income countries around the world for vaccine use
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'''Mar 24, 2022 - Proteomics'''
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* Guest speaker: [https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=sYCFT1YAAAAJ&view_op=list_works Dr. Daniel Boutz], who earned his Ph.D. at UCLA and worked extensively in the UT Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology and the Army Research Laboratories - South in Austin. He co-developed a [https://cns.utexas.edu/news/ut-austin-harnesses-power-of-biology-in-partnership-with-army-research-laboratory highly effective therapeutic antibody discovery approach] that he is now setting up a dedicated center around at Houston Methodist Hospital.
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* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/IntroToProteomics2-03-24-2022.pdf Today's slides]
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 +
 
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'''Mar 22, 2022 - Functional Genomics & Data Mining - Clustering I'''
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* Science news of the day:  The [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480449v2.full latest tests] of HexaPro look very promising! UT has granted a royalty-free license to 80 low and middle income countries around the world for vaccine use of HexaPro. You can read more about the development of HexaPro by the McLellan, Finkelstein, and Maynard labs in [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/05/health/hexapro-mclellan-vaccine.html this very nice NYT article].
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P_364C_LargeScaleExperiments_Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P_364C_LargeScaleExperiments_Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]
* I'm also posting the next (last) problem set for the class:
 
[http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/ProblemSet3_2022.pdf '''Problem Set 3], due before midnight Apr. 7, 2022'''.  You will need the following software and datasets:<br>
 
* The clustering software is available [https://software.broadinstitute.org/morpheus/ here]. There is an alternative package [http://bonsai.hgc.jp/~mdehoon/software/cluster/software.htm here] that you can download and install on your local computer if you prefer.<br>
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/yeast_aaseqs Yeast protein sequences]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/yeast_phyloprofiles2.txt Yeast protein phylogenetic profiles]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/yeast_cofractionationdata.txt Yeast protein fractionation/mass spectrometry profiles].  These additionally have common gene names (LocusID_commonname_location) which may help with the interpretation. These data come from [http://www.marcottelab.org/paper-pdfs/Nature_AnimalComplexes_2015.pdf this paper].
 
* [https://twitter.com/iddux/status/1377587235051204610 New changes for the next version of Python?]
 
 
Reading:<br>
 
Reading:<br>
 
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysis Clustering]
 
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysis Clustering]
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* Here's [https://towardsdatascience.com/9-distance-measures-in-data-science-918109d069fa a nice explanation] of some of the various distance measures used for clustering
 
* Here's [https://towardsdatascience.com/9-distance-measures-in-data-science-918109d069fa a nice explanation] of some of the various distance measures used for clustering
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/Bcelllymphoma.pdf B cell lymphomas]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/Bcelllymphoma.pdf B cell lymphomas]
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/nature_review_2000.pdf Review of phylogenetic profiles]
 
 
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-Seq RNA-Seq]
 
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-Seq RNA-Seq]
 
 
'''Mar 24, 2022 - Proteomics'''
 
* Guest speaker: [https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=sYCFT1YAAAAJ&view_op=list_works Dr. Daniel Boutz], who earned his Ph.D. at UCLA, worked extensively in the UT Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, and is now a scientist with the Army Research Laboratories - South in Austin
 
* News of the day: relevant to the alphafold discussion in the last class, [https://xfam.wordpress.com/2021/03/24/google-research-team-bring-deep-learning-to-pfam/ Google is now working with Pfam] to improve on HMM calling of protein domains by using deep learning
 
 
 
'''Mar 22, 2022 - 3D Protein Structure Modeling'''
 
* Guest speaker: [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=XK51dq0AAAAJ&hl=en Caitie McCafferty], UT Austin
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/2022-03-structuralmodeling.pdf Today's slides] and the [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/EVcouplings.pdf EVcouplings method] discussed
 
* 3D macromolecular structural modeling software:  [https://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimera/ UCSF Chimera], the [https://www.rosettacommons.org/software Rosetta] software suite, and [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/RosettaOverview.pdf an overview] of what it can do for you
 
* The [http://www.rcsb.org/ Protein Data Bank], [http://toolkit.tuebingen.mpg.de/hhpred HHPRED], [https://salilab.org/modeller/ MODELLER], and [http://www.pymol.org/ Pymol]
 
  
  
 
'''Mar 15,17, 2022 - SPRING BREAK'''
 
'''Mar 15,17, 2022 - SPRING BREAK'''
* Don't forget to finish HW3 and turn in the proposal for your course project by "March 22th".
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* Don't forget to finish HW3 and turn in the proposal for your course project by "March 21st".
  
  
 
'''Mar 10, 2022 - Motifs'''
 
'''Mar 10, 2022 - Motifs'''
 +
* '''Due March 21 by email to the TA+Instructor''' - One to two (full) paragraphs describing your plans for a final project, along with the names of your collaborators. Please limit to no more than 3 per group, please.  It's also fine to do this independently, if you prefer. (Do you have a particular skill/interest/exciting dataset you need help analyzing? There is a class_projects channel on the slack where you can ask around for partners.) This assignment (planning out your project) will account for 5 points out of your 25 total points for your course project. Here are a few examples of final projects from previous years: [https://sites.google.com/view/bch394pproject/homepage?authuser=1 0] [http://sites.google.com/site/ch391fall08finaloconnellwang/?pageDeleted=%2Fa-monte-carlo-simulation-of-protein-polymerization-in-budding-yeast 1] [http://sites.google.com/site/polyomamirnatargeting/ 2] [http://sites.google.com/site/pathtarandmore/ 3] [http://sites.google.com/site/zlutexas/Home/project-for-ch391l 4] [https://sites.google.com/site/structureandevolutionofaprd4/home 5] [https://sites.google.com/site/modelingpyrosequencingerror/ 6]  [https://sites.google.com/site/bioinformaticsch391lproject/ 7] [https://sites.google.com/site/emilo83/home 8] [https://sites.google.com/site/ch391lchipseq/ 9] [https://sites.google.com/site/arabmybgrant/ 10] [https://sites.google.com/site/biogridviewer/home 11] [https://sites.google.com/a/utexas.edu/immunoglobulin-team/home 12] [https://metabolicnetworkpathways.wordpress.com/ 13] [https://sites.google.com/a/utexas.edu/quantum-tunneling-on-enzymatic-kinetics/home 14] [https://sites.google.com/view/bch394ssy/home 15]<br>
 
* We'll talk about motif finding today.  
 
* We'll talk about motif finding today.  
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C_Motifs_Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C_Motifs_Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]
 +
* Wordle as an excuse to learn about [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v68zYyaEmEA information theory & entropy] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvTriQWQvUg sequence logos and motifs]!
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/nbt0406-423-primer-whataremotifs.pdf NBT Primer - What are motifs?]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/nbt0406-423-primer-whataremotifs.pdf NBT Primer - What are motifs?]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/nbt0806-959-primer-howdoesmotifdiscoverywork.pdf NBT Primer - How does motif discovery work?]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/nbt0806-959-primer-howdoesmotifdiscoverywork.pdf NBT Primer - How does motif discovery work?]
Line 158: Line 179:
  
  
'''Mar 8, 2022 - Live demo: nanopore sequencing'''
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'''Mar 8, 2022 - NGS analysis best practices'''
 
+
* Homework #3 (worth 10% of your final course grade) has been assigned on Rosalind and is '''due by 11:59PM March 21'''. In past years, we've run into problems with Rosalind timing out before Meme completes although it usually runs eventually, so be warned you may have to try it a couple of times. Meme also runs faster using the "zero to one" or "one" occurrence per sequence option, rather than the "any number of repeats" option.
 
+
* Guest speaker: [https://www.linkedin.com/in/anna-battenhouse-abba1/details/experience/ Anna Battenhouse] from the [https://research.utexas.edu/cbrs/ Center for Biomedical Research Support], where she maintains the [https://wikis.utexas.edu/display/RCTFusers Biomedical Research Computing Facility].
'''Mar 3, 2022 - NGS analysis best practices'''
+
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/2022-03-NGS_IntroForEdM.pdf Today's slides]
* Guest speaker: Anna Battenhouse, CBRF
+
  
  
'''Mar 1, 2022 - Genomes II'''<br>
+
'''Mar 3, 2022 - Genomes II'''<br>
* Homework #3 (worth 10% of your final course grade) has been assigned on Rosalind and is '''due by 11:59PM March 24'''. In past years, we've run into problems with Rosalind timing out before Meme completes although it usually runs eventually, so be warned you may have to try it a couple of times.
+
* '''Due March 25 by email to the TA+Instructor''' - One to two (full) paragraphs describing your plans for a final project, along with the names of your collaborators. Please limit to no more than 3 per group, please.  It's also fine to do this independently, if you prefer. (Do you have a particular skill/interest/exciting dataset you need help analyzing? There is now a channel on the class slack where you can ask around for partners.) This assignment (planning out your project) will account for 5 points out of your 25 total points for your course project. Here are a few examples of final projects from previous years: [https://sites.google.com/view/bch394pproject/homepage?authuser=1 0] [http://sites.google.com/site/ch391fall08finaloconnellwang/?pageDeleted=%2Fa-monte-carlo-simulation-of-protein-polymerization-in-budding-yeast 1] [http://sites.google.com/site/polyomamirnatargeting/ 2] [http://sites.google.com/site/pathtarandmore/ 3] [http://sites.google.com/site/zlutexas/Home/project-for-ch391l 4] [https://sites.google.com/site/structureandevolutionofaprd4/home 5] [https://sites.google.com/site/modelingpyrosequencingerror/ 6]  [https://sites.google.com/site/bioinformaticsch391lproject/ 7] [https://sites.google.com/site/emilo83/home 8] [https://sites.google.com/site/ch391lchipseq/ 9] [https://sites.google.com/site/arabmybgrant/ 10] [https://sites.google.com/site/biogridviewer/home 11] [https://sites.google.com/a/utexas.edu/immunoglobulin-team/home 12] [https://metabolicnetworkpathways.wordpress.com/ 13] [https://sites.google.com/a/utexas.edu/quantum-tunneling-on-enzymatic-kinetics/home 14] [https://sites.google.com/view/bch394ssy/home 15]<br>  
+
 
* We're finishing up the slides from last time. Note that we give short shrift to read mapping/alignment algorithms, of which there are now [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequence_alignment_software#Short-Read_Sequence_Alignment a very long list]. Here's an interesting discussion by Lior Pachter of the [https://liorpachter.wordpress.com/2015/11/01/what-is-a-read-mapping/ major developments in that field.]
 
* We're finishing up the slides from last time. Note that we give short shrift to read mapping/alignment algorithms, of which there are now [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequence_alignment_software#Short-Read_Sequence_Alignment a very long list]. Here's an interesting discussion by Lior Pachter of the [https://liorpachter.wordpress.com/2015/11/01/what-is-a-read-mapping/ major developments in that field.]
 
* Here is [http://blog.thegrandlocus.com/2016/07/a-tutorial-on-burrows-wheeler-indexing-methods an excellent explanation of how the BWT relates to a suffix tree and enables fast read mapping to a genome]
 
* Here is [http://blog.thegrandlocus.com/2016/07/a-tutorial-on-burrows-wheeler-indexing-methods an excellent explanation of how the BWT relates to a suffix tree and enables fast read mapping to a genome]
 
* If you want a more detailed explanation, the [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BWApaper.pdf BWA paper] more formally describes how the Burrows–Wheeler transform can be used to construct an index.
 
* If you want a more detailed explanation, the [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BWApaper.pdf BWA paper] more formally describes how the Burrows–Wheeler transform can be used to construct an index.
* & here are two more examples of using the BWT for indexing: [http://blog.avadis-ngs.com/2012/04/elegant-exact-string-match-using-bwt-2/ 1] [http://www.di.unipi.it/~ferragin/Libraries/fmindexV2/index.html 2]
+
Supporting reading:<br>
 +
* Two notable advances in genome assembly: [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/StringGraphAssembly.pdf String Graphs] and more recently, [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/MultiplexDeBruijnGraphs.pdf multiplexed De Bruijn graphs].  Both have been used to assemble a [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/CompleteHumanGenomeSequence.pdf fully complete human genome sequence] (check out the [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/05/27/2021.05.26.445798/F2.large.jpg?width=800&height=600&carousel=1 beautiful string graph visualizations] of the final assemblies)
  
  
'''Feb 24, 2022 - Genome Assembly'''
+
 
* A gentle reminder that Problem Set 2 is '''due by 11:59PM tonight'''<br>
+
'''Mar 1, 2022 - Genome Assembly'''
 +
* A gentle reminder that Problem Set 2 is '''due by 11:59PM Mar 3'''<br>
 +
* Science news of the day: [https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/02/28/uc-berkeley-loses-crispr-gene-editing-patent-case/ UC Berkeley loses core CRISPR patent rights]
 
* If you would like a few examples of proteins annotated with their transmembrane and soluble regions (according to UniProt) to help troubleshoot your homework, here are some [http://www.marcottelab.org/images/5/5a/Annotated_peptides.txt example yeast protein sequences].
 
* If you would like a few examples of proteins annotated with their transmembrane and soluble regions (according to UniProt) to help troubleshoot your homework, here are some [http://www.marcottelab.org/images/5/5a/Annotated_peptides.txt example yeast protein sequences].
 
* From last time, some definitions of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity sensitivity/specificity] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_and_recall precision/recall]. Note that the gene finding community settled early on to a different definition of specificity that corresponds to the precision or PPV in other fields. Other fields define specificity as the true negative rate.
 
* From last time, some definitions of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity sensitivity/specificity] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_and_recall precision/recall]. Note that the gene finding community settled early on to a different definition of specificity that corresponds to the precision or PPV in other fields. Other fields define specificity as the true negative rate.
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C-GenomeAssembly_Spring2020.pdf Today's slides]
+
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C-GenomeAssembly_Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/DeBruijnPrimer.pdf DeBruijn Primer] and [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/DeBruijnSupplement.pdf Supplement]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/DeBruijnPrimer.pdf DeBruijn Primer] and [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/DeBruijnSupplement.pdf Supplement]
  
  
'''Feb 22, 2022 - Gene finding II'''
+
'''Feb 24, 2022 - Gene finding II'''
 +
* [https://research.utexas.edu/cbrs/classes/short-courses/spring-2022-semester/ Short classes at UT] start this week in genome sequencing, proteomics, and bioinformatics
 +
* Several of you have asked about programming the Viterbi algorithm for the homework, so I wanted to make sure everyone realized that you are not required to program it. The sequence is short enough that you can solve it in a spreadsheet if that's easier for you.
 
* We're finishing up the slides from last time.
 
* We're finishing up the slides from last time.
 +
Reading:<br>
 +
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/2019StateOfGeneAnnotation.pdf The current state of gene annotation]
 +
* [https://news.usc.edu/16163/he-s-got-algorithm/ Why do we call it the Viterbi algorithm?]
  
  
'''Feb 17, 2022 - Gene finding'''
+
'''Feb 22, 2022 - Gene finding'''
* Science news of the day from one year ago: Kudos to the McLellan lab for solving the coronavirus spike protein 3D structure in 12 days (!), with a paper in [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.944462v1 bioRxiv] and [https://science.sciencemag.org/content/367/6483/1260.abstract Science] in record-breaking time, and cited nearly 4,000 times already in a single year (but what a year!)
+
* Science news of the day from two years ago: A great connection to HMMs, [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/DeepLearningPfamDomains.pdf using deep learning to annotate the protein universe], just out in Nature Biotech
* [https://research.utexas.edu/cbrs/classes/short-courses/spring-2022/ Short classes at UT] start this week in genome sequencing, proteomics, and bioinformatics
+
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C-GeneFinding-Spring2022.pdf Today's slides on gene finding]  
* We'll finish HMM slides from last time, then start [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C-GeneFinding-Spring2022.pdf today's slides on gene finding]
+
 
* For a few more examples of HMMs in action, here's a [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/MinionHumanGenome.pdf paper on sequencing the human genome by nanopore], which used HMMs in 3-4 different ways for polishing, contig inspection, repeat analysis and 5-methylcytosine detection.
 
* For a few more examples of HMMs in action, here's a [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/MinionHumanGenome.pdf paper on sequencing the human genome by nanopore], which used HMMs in 3-4 different ways for polishing, contig inspection, repeat analysis and 5-methylcytosine detection.
 
* [http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&lastVirtModeType=default&lastVirtModeExtraState=&virtModeType=default&virtMode=0&nonVirtPosition=&position=chr11%3A61755389-61788517&hgsid=477602291_ccTRfcOcZIQHnMkBKGzbQLBRc6HL The UCSC genome browser]
 
* [http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&lastVirtModeType=default&lastVirtModeExtraState=&virtModeType=default&virtMode=0&nonVirtPosition=&position=chr11%3A61755389-61788517&hgsid=477602291_ccTRfcOcZIQHnMkBKGzbQLBRc6HL The UCSC genome browser]
* A few useful links about programming: [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/GoodEnoughPracticesInScientificComputing.pdf Recommendations for "good enough" programming habits] and [https://amp.economist.com/graphic-detail/2018/07/26/python-is-becoming-the-worlds-most-popular-coding-language "In the past 12 months Americans have searched for Python on Google more often than for Kim Kardashian"]
+
* A few useful links about programming: [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/GoodEnoughPracticesInScientificComputing.pdf Recommendations for "good enough" programming habits]
Reading (a couple of old classics + a review):<br>
+
Reading (a couple of old classics + a review + better splice site detection):<br>
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/EukGeneAnnotation.pdf Eukaryotic gene finding], [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/GeneMark.hmm.pdf GeneMark.hmm], and [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BurgeKarlin-main.pdf GENSCAN]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/EukGeneAnnotation.pdf Eukaryotic gene finding], [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/GeneMark.hmm.pdf GeneMark.hmm], and [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BurgeKarlin-main.pdf GENSCAN]
 +
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/SplicingAI-jaganathan2019.pdf Deep learning for splice set identification]
  
  
'''Feb 15, 2022 - HMMs II'''
+
'''Feb 17, 2022 - HMMs II'''
* We're finishing up the slides from last time. I've also [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C_Spring2022_syllabus_updatedforstormdays.pdf updated the syllabus] to account for missing 3 lectures.  Mainly, we'll go all the way to the last scheduled class day (previously, we stopped 1 day early), but we were otherwise able to accommodate most of the missing material in a way that doesn't add any additional load on you all.
+
 
'''Problem Set 2, due before midnight Mar. 3, 2022''':<br>
 
'''Problem Set 2, due before midnight Mar. 3, 2022''':<br>
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C_ProblemSet2_Spring2022.pdf '''Problem Set 2'''].   
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C_ProblemSet2_Spring2022.pdf '''Problem Set 2'''].   
 
* You'll need these 3 files: [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/state_sequences State sequences], [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/soluble_sequences Soluble sequences], [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/transmembrane_sequences Transmembrane sequences]
 
* You'll need these 3 files: [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/state_sequences State sequences], [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/soluble_sequences Soluble sequences], [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/transmembrane_sequences Transmembrane sequences]
* Link to [http://setosa.io/blog/2014/07/26/markov-chains/ a great interactive visualization of Markov Chains], by Victor Powell & Lewis Lehe. It's worth checking out to build some intuition.
+
* Link to [http://setosa.io/blog/2014/07/26/markov-chains/ a great interactive visualization of Markov chains], by Victor Powell & Lewis Lehe. It's worth checking out to build some intuition. They correctly point out that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank Google's PageRank algorithm] is based on Markov chains. There, the ranking of pages in a web search relates to how random walks across linked web pages spend more time on some pages than on others.
 
* A non-biological example of using log odds ratios & Bayesian stats [https://priceonomics.com/how-statistics-solved-a-175-year-old-mystery-about/ to learn the authors of the Federalist Papers]
 
* A non-biological example of using log odds ratios & Bayesian stats [https://priceonomics.com/how-statistics-solved-a-175-year-old-mystery-about/ to learn the authors of the Federalist Papers]
  
  
'''Feb 10, 2022 - Hidden Markov Models'''
+
'''Feb 15, 2022 - Hidden Markov Models'''
* Happy Class-Before-Valentine's Day!
+
* Happy Class-After-Valentine's Day!
* Don't forget: Rosalind Homework #2 (worth 10% of your final course grade) is due '''by 11:59PM February 17'''.
+
* Don't forget: Rosalind Homework #2 (worth 10% of your final course grade) is due '''by 11:59PM February 16'''.
 
* More stats for comp biologists worth checking out:  [https://www.huber.embl.de/msmb/ Modern Statistic for Modern Biology], by Susan Holmes and Wolfgang Huber. It's currently available online and [https://www.amazon.com/Modern-Statistics-Biology-Susan-Holmes/dp/1108705294/ available on dead tree]. (FYI, all code is in R.)
 
* More stats for comp biologists worth checking out:  [https://www.huber.embl.de/msmb/ Modern Statistic for Modern Biology], by Susan Holmes and Wolfgang Huber. It's currently available online and [https://www.amazon.com/Modern-Statistics-Biology-Susan-Holmes/dp/1108705294/ available on dead tree]. (FYI, all code is in R.)
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C-HMMs-Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]<br>
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C-HMMs-Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]<br>
 
Reading:<br>
 
Reading:<br>
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/NBTPrimer-HMMs.pdf HMM primer] and [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/NBTPrimer-Bayes.pdf Bayesian statistics primer #1], [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BayesPrimer-NatMethods.pdf Bayesian statistics primer #2], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes'_theorem Wiki Bayes]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/NBTPrimer-HMMs.pdf HMM primer] and [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/NBTPrimer-Bayes.pdf Bayesian statistics primer #1], [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BayesPrimer-NatMethods.pdf Bayesian statistics primer #2], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes'_theorem Wiki Bayes]
* Care to practice your [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression regular expressions]? (In [http://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/python_reg_expressions.htm python?])
+
* Care to practice your [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression regular expressions]? (In [https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python3/python_reg_expressions.htm python?] & a [https://www.pcwdld.com/python-regex-cheat-sheet Python regexp cheat sheet])
  
  
'''Feb 8, 2022 - Biological databases'''
+
'''Feb 10, 2022 - Biological databases'''
* Homework #2 (worth 10% of your final course grade) has been assigned on Rosalind and is '''due by 11:59PM February 17'''.
+
* Homework #2 (worth 10% of your final course grade) has been assigned on Rosalind and is '''due by 11:59PM February 16'''.
 +
* Science news of the day: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.478251v1 Reanimated 46,000-year-old nematodes!]
 
* Just a note that we'll be seeing ever more statistics as go on. Here's a [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/StatisticsPrimer.pdf good primer] from [http://www.bio.utexas.edu/research/meyers/LaurenM/index.html Prof. Lauren Ancel Myers] (who leads the [https://covid-19.tacc.utexas.edu/ UT Austin COVID-19 Modeling Consortium]) to refresh/explain basic concepts.
 
* Just a note that we'll be seeing ever more statistics as go on. Here's a [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/StatisticsPrimer.pdf good primer] from [http://www.bio.utexas.edu/research/meyers/LaurenM/index.html Prof. Lauren Ancel Myers] (who leads the [https://covid-19.tacc.utexas.edu/ UT Austin COVID-19 Modeling Consortium]) to refresh/explain basic concepts.
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C-BiologicalDatabases-Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]<br>
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C-BiologicalDatabases-Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]<br>
  
  
'''Feb 3, 2022 - BLAST'''
+
'''Feb 8, 2022 - BLAST'''
 +
* For those of you who could use more tips on programming, [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/codinghour_flyer_spring2022.pdf the weekly peer-led open coding hour] is starting up again! Every Wednesday, 12:30-1:30, in the MBB 2.232 student lounge. It's a very informal setting where you can work and ask questions of more experienced programmers.
 +
* Science news of the day: There are still lots of fundamental discoveries to be made using sequence alignment, [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/s41586-021-04332-2.pdf e.g. using peta-scale sequence alignment to discovery >10^5 new RNA viruses]. Plus, fodder for your end-of-class projects: "we deposited 7.3 terabytes of virus alignments and assemblies into an open-access database that can be explored via a graphical web interface."
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C-BLAST-Spring2022.pdf Our slides today] are modified from a paper on [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001014 Teaching BLAST] by Cheryl Kerfeld & Kathleen Scott.
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C-BLAST-Spring2022.pdf Our slides today] are modified from a paper on [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001014 Teaching BLAST] by Cheryl Kerfeld & Kathleen Scott.
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BLAST.pdf The original BLAST paper]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BLAST.pdf The original BLAST paper]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/paper-pdfs/jmb-lgl.pdf The protein homology graph paper]. Just for fun, here's a [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/PHGinMoMA.png stylized version] of this plot that we exhibited in the engaging [https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/58 Design and the Elastic Mind] show at New York's Museum of Modern Art, now in their permanent collection.
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/paper-pdfs/jmb-lgl.pdf The protein homology graph paper]. Just for fun, here's a [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/PHGinMoMA.png stylized version] of this plot that we exhibited in the engaging [https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/58 Design and the Elastic Mind] show at New York's Museum of Modern Art, now in their permanent collection.
 +
 +
 +
'''Feb 3, 2022 - ICEPOCALYPSE 2022'''
 +
* <span style="color:red">'''WEATHER WARNING: Per the President's email, "all classes will be canceled", so no class on Feb. 3'''</span>. We'll pick up with the scheduled material when campus re-opens!
 +
* Yes, responding to popular request, '''we'll extend the Problem Set 1 deadline to midnight Feb. 9, 2022'''<br>
  
  
 
'''Feb 1, 2022 - Sequence Alignment II'''
 
'''Feb 1, 2022 - Sequence Alignment II'''
* We're finishing up the slides from last time.  
+
* We're meeting in person (!) in WEL 2.110 and introducing dynamic programming. We'll be finishing up slides from last time.  
* Science news of the day: We're just past exactly a year from publication of the SARS-CoV-2 genome papers [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3 1] [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 2]. The release of the genome sequences immediately launched the COVID vaccine design process. [https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/investigations/2021/01/26/moderna-covid-vaccine-science-fast/6555783002/ Here's a great write-up of the story of the vaccine development process], including the McLellan lab's key S2P double proline mutations introduced to stabilize the spike protein.
+
* Science news of the day: We're exactly 2 years from publication of the SARS-CoV-2 genome papers [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3 1] [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 2]. The release of the genome sequences immediately launched the COVID vaccine design process. [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/15/health/mrna-vaccine.html Here's a great write-up in the NYT of the story of the vaccine development process], including the McLellan lab's key S2P double proline mutations introduced to stabilize the spike protein.
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/FactAndFictionInAlignment.png Fact and Fiction in Sequence Alignments]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/FactAndFictionInAlignment.png Fact and Fiction in Sequence Alignments]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/NBTPrimer-DynamicProgramming.pdf Dynamic programming primer]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/NBTPrimer-DynamicProgramming.pdf Dynamic programming primer]
Line 245: Line 278:
 
* 3 mystery genes (for Problem 5): [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/MysteryGene1.txt MysteryGene1], [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/MysteryGene2.txt MysteryGene2], [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/MysteryGene3.txt MysteryGene3]<br>
 
* 3 mystery genes (for Problem 5): [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/MysteryGene1.txt MysteryGene1], [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/MysteryGene2.txt MysteryGene2], [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/MysteryGene3.txt MysteryGene3]<br>
 
* '''*** HEADS UP FOR THE PROBLEM SET ***'''  If you try to use the Python string.count function to count dinucleotides, Python counts '''non-overlapping''' instances, not '''overlapping''' instances.  So, ''AAAA'' is counted as 2, not 3, dinucleotides.  You want '''overlapping''' dinucleotides instead, so will have to try something else, such as the python string[counter:counter+2] command, as explained in the Rosalind homework assignment on strings.
 
* '''*** HEADS UP FOR THE PROBLEM SET ***'''  If you try to use the Python string.count function to count dinucleotides, Python counts '''non-overlapping''' instances, not '''overlapping''' instances.  So, ''AAAA'' is counted as 2, not 3, dinucleotides.  You want '''overlapping''' dinucleotides instead, so will have to try something else, such as the python string[counter:counter+2] command, as explained in the Rosalind homework assignment on strings.
 
Announcements:<br>
 
* The UT Center for Biomedical Research Support is offering [https://research.utexas.edu/cbrs/classes/short-courses/spring-2022/ short (1 day) online courses in bioinformatics and biocomputing]
 
* For those of you who could use more tips on programming, there's a weekly peer-led open coding hour happening every Wednesday on zoom. The zoom link will be posted to Slack & Canvas. It's a very informal setting where you can work and ask questions of more experienced programmers.
 
 
 
Extra reading, if you're curious:<br>
 
Extra reading, if you're curious:<br>
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/NBTPrimer-BLOSUM.pdf BLOSUM primer]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/NBTPrimer-BLOSUM.pdf BLOSUM primer]
Line 259: Line 287:
 
'''Jan 25, 2022 - Intro to Python #2'''
 
'''Jan 25, 2022 - Intro to Python #2'''
 
* Reminder that today will be part 2 of the "Python boot camp" for those of you with little to no previous Python coding experience. We'll be finishing the slides from last time, plus Rosalind help & programming Q/A.
 
* Reminder that today will be part 2 of the "Python boot camp" for those of you with little to no previous Python coding experience. We'll be finishing the slides from last time, plus Rosalind help & programming Q/A.
* [http://www.scipy-lectures.org/packages/statistics/index.html Statistics in Python]
+
* Also, don't forget that the Rosalind assignments are '''due by 11:59PM January 27'''.  Please do start if you haven't already, or you won't have time to get help if you have any issues installing Python.
 +
* Another strong recommendation (really) to the Python newbies to download Eric Matthes's GREAT, free [https://github.com/ehmatthes/pcc/releases/download/v1.0.0/beginners_python_cheat_sheet_pcc_all.pdf Python command cheat sheets] that he provides to accompany his [https://nostarch.com/pythoncrashcourse2e Python Crash Course] book.
  
  
 
'''Jan 20, 2022 - Intro to Python'''
 
'''Jan 20, 2022 - Intro to Python'''
* REMINDER:  My email inbox is always fairly backlogged (e.g., my median time between non-spam emails was 11 minutes when I measured it some time ago, and it's gotten much worse since then), so please copy the TA on any emails to me to make sure they get taken care of.
+
* STANDARD REMINDER:  My email inbox is always fairly backlogged (e.g., my median time between non-spam emails was 11 minutes when I measured it some time ago, and it's gotten much worse since then), so please copy the TA on all emails to help us make sure they get taken care of.
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C-PythonPrimer-Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]<br>
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C-PythonPrimer-Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]<br>
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C_Lecture2-Python_primer-Spring2022.pdf Python primer]
 
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/Ecoli_genome.txt E. coli genome]
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/Ecoli_genome.txt E. coli genome]
* [http://astrofrog.github.io/blog/2015/05/09/2015-survey-results/ Python 2 vs 3?]. We'll use Python 3 (the latest version is 3.8), but Rosalind and some materials are only available in Python 2.7, so we'll generally try to be version agnostic for compatibility. Use whichever you wish, but be aware that support for Python 2.7 has officially been stopped. For beginners, the [http://www.practicepython.org/blog/2017/02/09/python2-and-3.html differences are quite minimal] and are [https://www.guru99.com/python-2-vs-python-3.html summarized in a table here].  There's also a great [https://python-future.org/compatible_idioms.html cheat sheet here] for writing code compatible with both versions.
+
* Python 2 vs 3? Bioinformatics researchers [http://astrofrog.github.io/blog/2015/05/09/2015-survey-results/ held out for 2 until quite recently], but [https://careerkarma.com/blog/python-2-vs-python-3/ the shift to 3 is pretty clear now]. We'll use Python 3 (the latest version is 3.10, but any recent version will be fine), but Rosalind and some materials are only available in Python 2.7, so we'll generally try to be version agnostic for compatibility. Use whichever you wish, but be aware that support for Python 2.7 has officially been stopped. For beginners, the [http://www.practicepython.org/blog/2017/02/09/python2-and-3.html differences are quite minimal] and are [https://www.guru99.com/python-2-vs-python-3.html summarized in a table here].  There's also a great [https://python-future.org/compatible_idioms.html cheat sheet here] for writing code compatible with both versions.
 +
 
  
-->
 
 
'''Jan 18, 2022 - Introduction'''
 
'''Jan 18, 2022 - Introduction'''
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C-IntroAndRosalind-Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]<br>
 
* [http://www.marcottelab.org/users/BCH394P_364C_2022/BCH394P-364C-IntroAndRosalind-Spring2022.pdf Today's slides]<br>

Latest revision as of 15:27, 29 April 2022

BCH394P/BCH364C Systems Biology & Bioinformatics

Course unique #: 54540/54450
Lectures: Tues/Thurs 11 – 12:30 PM on Zoom until Jan 27 (log in to Canvas for the link), then in WEL 2.110
Instructor: Edward Marcotte, marcotte @ utexas.edu

  • Office hours: Wed 11 AM – 12 noon on Zoom

TA: Muyoung Lee, ml49649 @ utexas.edu

  • TA Office hours: Mon 1-2/Fri 11-12 on Zoom

Class Slack channel: ut-sp22-bioinfo.slack.com
Class Canvas site: https://utexas.instructure.com/courses/1325179

Lectures & Handouts

Apr 26 - May 3, 2022 - Final Project Presentations

  • Welcome to the end of the course! You made it! The last 3 days will be presentations of your class projects.
  • We'll spend 5 minutes on the Course - Instructor Survey Thursday morning.

Here's a sampling of some of the completed course projects (posted with permission, with more to come):


April 21, 2022 - Synthetic Biology, highly compressed

  • Reminder: All projects are due by midnight, April 25. Turn them in as a URL to the web site you created, sent by email to the TA AND PROFESSOR.
  • Today's slides

A collection of further reading, if you're so inclined:

Food for thought


April 19, 2022 - Phenologs

  • Remember: The final project web page is due by midnight April 25, 2022, turned in as a URL emailed to the TA+Professor. Please indicate in the email if you are willing to let us post the project to the course web site. Also, note that late days can't be used for the final project
  • Today's slides
  • Phenologs and the drug discovery story we'll discuss in class. This is a fun example of the power of opportunistic data mining aka "research parasitism" in biomedical research.
  • Search for phenologs here. You can get started by rediscovering the plant model of Waardenburg syndrome. Search among the known diseases for "Waardenburg", or enter the human genes linked to Waardenburg (Entrez gene IDs 4286, 5077, 6591, 7299) to get a feel for how this works.

Tools for finding orthologs:

  • One good tool for discovering orthologs is InParanoid. Note: InParanoid annotation lags a bit, so you'll need to find the Ensembl protein id, or try a text search for the common name. Or, just link there from Uniprot. InParanoid tends towards higher recall, lower precision for finding orthologs. Approaches with higher precision include OMA (introduced in this paper), PhylomeDB, and EggNOG. The various algorithms basically have different trade-offs with regard to precision vs recall, and ease of use. For example, we use EggNOG in the lab for annotating genes in new genomes/transcriptomes because the EggNOG HMM ortholog models are easily downloadable/re-run on any set of genes you happen to be interested in.
  • All (well, at least some) of your ortholog definition questions answered!


Apr 14, 2022 - Networks

  • Today's slides
  • Metabolic networks: The wall chart (it's interactive. For example, can you find enolase?), the human metabolic reaction network, a review of mapping transcriptional networks by Chip-SEQ (with the current record holder in this regard held by ENCODE), and a review of protein interaction mapping in humans and how it is informing disease genetics.
  • Useful gene network resources include:
    • Reactome), which we've seen before, links human genes according to reactions and pathways, and also calculated functional linkages from various high-throughput data.
    • HumanNet (older versions for other organisms at netbiolab.org and FunctionalNet), which provides interactive searches of a human functional gene network. The earlier versions helped my own group find genes for a wide variety of biological processes.
    • STRING is available for many organisms, including large numbers of prokaryotes. Try searching on the E. coli enolase (Eno) as an example.
    • GeneMania, which aggregates many individual gene networks.
    • The best interactive tool for network visualization is Cytoscape. You can download and install it locally on your computer, then visualize and annotated any gene network, such as are output by the network tools linked above. There is also a web-based network viewer that can be incorporated into your own pages (e.g., as used in YeastNet). Here's an example file to visualize, the human protein complex map from Hu.MAP.
    • Clustering algorithms can be applied to networks. For example, we frequently use the Walktrap algorithm developed by Pascal Pons and Matthieu Latapy, which is available in the Python iGraph library. Here's a nice blog demonstration using it.

Reading:


Apr 12, 2022 - Deep learning

  • Guest speaker: Dr. Claire McWhite, who is a Lewis-Sigler Fellow at Princeton where she develops protein language models using deep learning. She previously completed her B.S. at Rice University, interned at the National Cancer Institute, earned her Ph.D. at UT Austin working extensively in computational biology and proteomics, and appeared as a contestant in BahFest.
  • Today's slides
  • Why neural networks aren't neural networks


Apr 7, 2022 - Principal Component Analysis (& the curious case of European genotypes)

A smattering of links on PCA:


Apr 5, 2022 - Classifiers


Mar 31, 2022 - 3D Protein Structure Modeling

  • Guest speaker: Caitie McCafferty, who is finishing up her Ph.D. at UT Austin, prior to which she earned her B.S. in Chemistry at the University of Maryland and worked as a computational researcher for 3 years at the NIH National Eye Institute. She has mentored numerous undergrads in computational structural biology, co-developed the citizen science video game Protein Puzzles, and is now leading local efforts to solve the 3D structures of ciliary proteins by cryoEM, mass spec, and integrative modeling.
  • Today's slides and the EVcouplings method discussed
  • 3D macromolecular structural modeling software: UCSF ChimeraX, the Rosetta software suite, and an overview of what it can do for you, and last but not least: AlphaFold predicted structures and the AlphaFold colab where you can run your own structure predictions.
  • & a few other useful 3D structure tools: The Protein Data Bank, MODELLER, and Pymol


Mar 29, 2022 - Clustering II

  • We'll be continuing the slides from just before the guest lecture
  • I'm also posting the next (last) problem set:

Problem Set 3, due before midnight Apr. 8, 2022. You will need the following software and datasets:

Reading:


Mar 24, 2022 - Proteomics


Mar 22, 2022 - Functional Genomics & Data Mining - Clustering I

  • Science news of the day: The latest tests of HexaPro look very promising! UT has granted a royalty-free license to 80 low and middle income countries around the world for vaccine use of HexaPro. You can read more about the development of HexaPro by the McLellan, Finkelstein, and Maynard labs in this very nice NYT article.
  • Today's slides

Reading:


Mar 15,17, 2022 - SPRING BREAK

  • Don't forget to finish HW3 and turn in the proposal for your course project by "March 21st".


Mar 10, 2022 - Motifs


Mar 8, 2022 - NGS analysis best practices

  • Homework #3 (worth 10% of your final course grade) has been assigned on Rosalind and is due by 11:59PM March 21. In past years, we've run into problems with Rosalind timing out before Meme completes although it usually runs eventually, so be warned you may have to try it a couple of times. Meme also runs faster using the "zero to one" or "one" occurrence per sequence option, rather than the "any number of repeats" option.
  • Guest speaker: Anna Battenhouse from the Center for Biomedical Research Support, where she maintains the Biomedical Research Computing Facility.
  • Today's slides


Mar 3, 2022 - Genomes II

Supporting reading:


Mar 1, 2022 - Genome Assembly


Feb 24, 2022 - Gene finding II

  • Short classes at UT start this week in genome sequencing, proteomics, and bioinformatics
  • Several of you have asked about programming the Viterbi algorithm for the homework, so I wanted to make sure everyone realized that you are not required to program it. The sequence is short enough that you can solve it in a spreadsheet if that's easier for you.
  • We're finishing up the slides from last time.

Reading:


Feb 22, 2022 - Gene finding

Reading (a couple of old classics + a review + better splice site detection):


Feb 17, 2022 - HMMs II Problem Set 2, due before midnight Mar. 3, 2022:


Feb 15, 2022 - Hidden Markov Models

  • Happy Class-After-Valentine's Day!
  • Don't forget: Rosalind Homework #2 (worth 10% of your final course grade) is due by 11:59PM February 16.
  • More stats for comp biologists worth checking out: Modern Statistic for Modern Biology, by Susan Holmes and Wolfgang Huber. It's currently available online and available on dead tree. (FYI, all code is in R.)
  • Today's slides

Reading:


Feb 10, 2022 - Biological databases


Feb 8, 2022 - BLAST


Feb 3, 2022 - ICEPOCALYPSE 2022

  • WEATHER WARNING: Per the President's email, "all classes will be canceled", so no class on Feb. 3. We'll pick up with the scheduled material when campus re-opens!
  • Yes, responding to popular request, we'll extend the Problem Set 1 deadline to midnight Feb. 9, 2022


Feb 1, 2022 - Sequence Alignment II


Jan 27, 2022 - Sequence Alignment I

Problem Set I, due before midnight Feb. 7, 2022:

  • Problem Set 1
  • H. influenzae genome. Haemophilus influenza was the first free living organism to have its genome sequenced. NOTE: there are some additional characters in this file from ambiguous sequence calls. For simplicity's sake, when calculating your nucleotide and dinucleotide frequencies, you can just ignore anything other than A, C, T, and G.
  • T. aquaticus genome. Thermus aquaticus helped spawn the genomic revolution as the source of heat-stable Taq polymerase for PCR.
  • 3 mystery genes (for Problem 5): MysteryGene1, MysteryGene2, MysteryGene3
  • *** HEADS UP FOR THE PROBLEM SET *** If you try to use the Python string.count function to count dinucleotides, Python counts non-overlapping instances, not overlapping instances. So, AAAA is counted as 2, not 3, dinucleotides. You want overlapping dinucleotides instead, so will have to try something else, such as the python string[counter:counter+2] command, as explained in the Rosalind homework assignment on strings.

Extra reading, if you're curious:


Jan 25, 2022 - Intro to Python #2

  • Reminder that today will be part 2 of the "Python boot camp" for those of you with little to no previous Python coding experience. We'll be finishing the slides from last time, plus Rosalind help & programming Q/A.
  • Also, don't forget that the Rosalind assignments are due by 11:59PM January 27. Please do start if you haven't already, or you won't have time to get help if you have any issues installing Python.
  • Another strong recommendation (really) to the Python newbies to download Eric Matthes's GREAT, free Python command cheat sheets that he provides to accompany his Python Crash Course book.


Jan 20, 2022 - Intro to Python

  • STANDARD REMINDER: My email inbox is always fairly backlogged (e.g., my median time between non-spam emails was 11 minutes when I measured it some time ago, and it's gotten much worse since then), so please copy the TA on all emails to help us make sure they get taken care of.
  • Today's slides
  • E. coli genome
  • Python 2 vs 3? Bioinformatics researchers held out for 2 until quite recently, but the shift to 3 is pretty clear now. We'll use Python 3 (the latest version is 3.10, but any recent version will be fine), but Rosalind and some materials are only available in Python 2.7, so we'll generally try to be version agnostic for compatibility. Use whichever you wish, but be aware that support for Python 2.7 has officially been stopped. For beginners, the differences are quite minimal and are summarized in a table here. There's also a great cheat sheet here for writing code compatible with both versions.


Jan 18, 2022 - Introduction

  • Today's slides
  • We'll be conducting homework using the online environment Rosalind. Go ahead and register on the site, and enroll specifically for BCH394P/364C (Spring 2022) Systems Biology/Bioinformatics using this link. Homework #1 (worth 10% of your final course grade) has already been assigned on Rosalind and is due by 11:59PM January 27.

Here are some online Python resources that you might find useful:

Syllabus & course outline

Course syllabus

An introduction to systems biology and bioinformatics, emphasizing quantitative analysis of high-throughput biological data, and covering typical data, data analysis, and computer algorithms. Topics will include introductory probability and statistics, basics of Python programming, protein and nucleic acid sequence analysis, genome sequencing and assembly, proteomics, synthetic biology, analysis of large-scale gene expression data, data clustering, biological pattern recognition, and gene and protein networks.

Open to graduate students and upper division undergrads (with permission) in natural sciences and engineering. Prerequisites: Basic familiarity with molecular biology, statistics & computing, but realistically, it is expected that students will have extremely varied backgrounds. Undergraduates have additional prerequisites, as listed in the catalog.

Note that this is not a course on practical sequence analysis or using web-based tools. Although we will use a number of these to help illustrate points, the focus of the course will be on learning the underlying algorithms and exploratory data analyses and their applications, esp. in high-throughput biology. By the end of the course, students will know the fundamentals of important algorithms in bioinformatics and systems biology, be able to design and implement computational studies in biology, and have performed an element of original computational biology research.

Most of the lectures will be from research articles and slides posted online, with some material from the...
Optional text (for sequence analysis): Biological sequence analysis, by R. Durbin, S. Eddy, A. Krogh, G. Mitchison (Cambridge University Press),

For biologists rusty on their stats, The Cartoon Guide to Statistics (Gonick/Smith) is very good. A reasonable online resource for beginners is Statistics Done Wrong.

Some online references:
An online bioinformatics course
Online probability & stats texts: #1, #2 (which has some lovely visualizations)

No exams will be given. Grades will be based on online homework (counting 30% of the grade), 3 problem sets (given every 2-3 weeks and counting 15% each towards the final grade) and an independent course project (25% of final grade), which can be collaborative (1-3 students/project). The course project will consist of a research project on a bioinformatics topic chosen by the student (with approval by the instructor) containing an element of independent computational biology research (e.g. calculation, programming, database analysis, etc.). This will be turned in as a link to a web page. The final project is due by midnight, April 25, 2022. The last 3 classes will be spent presenting your projects to each other. (The presentation will account for 5/25 points of the project grade.)

Since we will be in coronavirus lockdown at the start of this semester, this portion of the class will be web-based. We will hold lectures by Zoom during the normally scheduled class time. Log in to the UT Canvas class page for the link, or, if you are auditing, email the TA and he will send the link by return email. Slides will be posted before class on this web site so you can follow along with the material. We'll record the lectures & post the recordings afterward on Canvas so any of you who might be in other timezones or otherwise be unable to make class will have the opportunity to watch them. Note that the recordings will only be available on Canvas and are reserved only for students in this class for educational purposes and are protected under FERPA. The recordings should not be shared outside the class in any form. Violation of this restriction by a student could lead to Student Misconduct proceedings.

Online homework will be assigned and evaluated using the free bioinformatics web resource Rosalind.

All projects and homework will be turned in electronically and time-stamped. No makeup work will be given. Instead, all students have 5 days of free “late time” (for the entire semester, NOT per project, and counting weekends/holidays). For projects turned in late, days will be deducted from the 5 day total (or what remains of it) by the number of days late (in 1 day increments, rounding up, i.e. 10 minutes late = 1 day deducted). Once the full 5 days have been used up, assignments will be penalized 10 percent per day late (rounding up), i.e., a 50 point assignment turned in 1.5 days late would be penalized 20%, or 10 points.

Homework, problem sets, and the project total to a possible 100 points. There will be no curving of grades, nor will grades be rounded up. We’ll use the plus/minus grading system, so: A= 92 and above, A-=90 to 91.99, etc. Just for clarity's sake, here are the cutoffs for the grades: 92% = A, 90% = A- < 92%, 88% = B+ < 90%, 82% = B < 88%, 80% = B- < 82%, 78% = C+ < 80%, 72% = C < 78%, 70% = C- < 72%, 68% = D+ < 70%, 62% = D < 68%, 60% = D- < 62%, F < 60%.

Students are welcome to discuss ideas and problems with each other, but all programs, Rosalind homework, problem sets, and written solutions should be performed independently (except the final collaborative project). Students are expected to follow the UT honor code. Cheating, plagiarism, copying, & reuse of prior homework, projects, or programs from CourseHero, Github, or any other sources are all strictly forbidden and constitute breaches of academic integrity and cause for dismissal with a failing grade, possibly expulsion (UT's academic integrity policy). In particular, no materials used in this class, including, but not limited to, lecture hand-outs, videos, assessments (papers, projects, homework assignments), in-class materials, review sheets, and additional problem sets, may be shared online or with anyone outside of the class unless you have the instructor’s explicit, written permission. Any materials found online (e.g. in CourseHero) that are associated with you, or any suspected unauthorized sharing of materials, will be reported to Student Conduct and Academic Integrity in the Office of the Dean of Students. These reports can result in sanctions, including failure in the course.

The final project web site is due by midnight April 25, 2022.

Finally, between the pandemic and snowpocalypse, the last two years have really pushed our class schedule around a lot, so we’re going to reserve the last class day, May 5, as an emergency flex day. The current plan is for classes to end on May 3 and for there to be NO CLASS on May 5, but if weather, the pandemic, etc, leads to loss of lecture days, we’ll vote as a class to extend class to May 5.